利用生物转轴技术处理现河首站采油废水

针对胜利油田现河首站采油废水排放口的污染现状,提出了利用生物转轴技术处理采油废水。研究结果表明:现河首站采油废水污染严重且达标治理难度极大,采用传统物化处理工艺已不能使其处理达标。生物转轴技术具有技术上先进可行,处理效率高,处理成本低,可操作性强等多种优势,可使采油废水达标排放。     

Modelling impacts of alternative farming management practices on greenhouse gas emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation system in China

Agricultural production plays an important role in affecting atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Field measurements were conducted in Quzhou County, Hebei Province in the North China Plains to quantify carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation field, a common cropping system across the Chinese agricultural regions. The observed flux data in conjunction with the local climate, soil and management information were utilized to test a process-based model, Denitrification–Decomposition or DNDC, for its applicability for the cropping system. The validated DNDC was then used for predicting impacts of three management alternatives (i.e., no-till, increased crop residue incorporation and reduced fertilizer application rate) on CO₂ and N₂O emissions from the target field. Results from the simulations indicated that (1) CO₂ emissions were significantly affected by temperature, initial SOC, tillage method, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soils; (2) increases in temperature, initial SOC, total fertilizer N input, and manure amendment substantially increased N₂O emissions; and (3) temperature, initial SOC, tillage, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soil all had significant effects on global warming. Finally, five 50-year scenarios were simulated with DNDC to predict their long-term impacts on crop yield, soil C dynamics, nitrate leaching losses, and N₂O emissions. The modelled results suggested that implementation of manure amendment or crop residue incorporation instead of increased fertilizer application rates would more efficiently mitigate GHG emissions from the tested agro-ecosystem. The multi-impacts provided a sound basis for comprehensive assessments on the management alternatives.     

氮肥水平对不同土壤N2O排放的影响

摘要：鉴于N2O排放量占施用氮肥量的比例即N2O排放系数还有很大不确定性,室外盆栽试验于2002~2003年在南京农业大学实施,选取3个供试土壤,各土壤设置对照和低、中、高氮肥水平,全年施尿素量 (以N计) 分别为334 kg/hm2、670 kg/ hm2、1004 kg/hm2。结果表明,水稻生长季,各个土壤的N2O累积排放量与其对照相比的增加量在低、中、高氮肥水平间无明显差异;而小麦生长季,随氮肥施用量增加,各个土壤的N2O累积排放量与其对照相比的增加量在3种氮肥水平之间的差异显著。整个稻麦轮作系统,随氮肥用量的增加明显促进麦田N2O的排放。无论水稻或小麦生长季,对照3个土壤的N2O累积排放量并无显著差异,F土壤（江苏溧水）,G土壤（江苏涟水）和H土壤（江苏农科院）的N2O累积排放量,在水稻生长季分别为168mg/m2、127 mg/m2和146 mg/m2;小麦生长季,分别为134 mg/m2、124 mg/m2和168 mg/m2。在施氮肥后,3个土壤的N2O排放量出现差异,如在中氮水平下,小麦生长季,F土壤、G土壤和H土壤N2O累积排放量分别为976 mg/m2、744 mg/m2和626 mg/m2。稻麦轮作生长季内,在低氮与中氮两个水平下,不同土壤间N2O排放系数存在显著差异。以一个稻麦轮作周期为时间尺度,F土壤,G土壤和H土壤总的N2O排放系数分别为1.1%±0.23%, 0.75%±0.17%和1.01%±0.11%,表明不同土壤对N2O排放系数的影响不同。     

基于方位轴旋转的平台惯导系统对准策略研究

目的解决平台惯导静基座自对准精度受到平台转位、锁定及惯性仪表误差影响的问题。方法提出一种绕方位轴变速旋转的平台惯导连续自对准方法。该方法基于平台按照方位陀螺力矩指令绕方位轴变速旋转,采集水平陀螺的力矩电流输出信息估计平台失准角及仪器误差系数。通过输出灵敏度理论对系统的可观测度进行分析后,采用建立虚拟平台系的参数估计方案使得方位失准角估计精度得到提高。结果当测量噪声为0.01(°)/h(1σ),方位失准角对准精度在10″以内,对准过程可以在10 min内完成。结论该方案及算法使惯导平台静基座自对准精度得到显著提高。     

基于CFD的土工离心机风阻及流场特性分析

目的估计土工离心机的风阻功率。方法针对一稳态运行的中低速土工离心机,利用多参考坐标系(MRF)模拟转臂与墙壁之间的相对运动,对离心机稳态运行时机室内的空气流场进行CFD仿真,对计算流体力学仿真、解析公式方法和试验的风阻功率进行对比。结果三种方法得到的风阻功率较为接近,验证了数值仿真方法的正确性。同时,研究了机室内空气流速和压力的空间分布特征,验证了经典解析公式的假设合理性。结论 CFD仿真方法避免了传统解析方法对试验数据的依赖和参数选取主观性,能够得到较高精度的分析结果,该研究为基于计算流体力学的土工离心机的高置信度风阻计算打下了基础。     

城郊稻田生态系统高效生产模式的研究与评价

根据天津市宝坻区的自然条件、区位优势和现有的农业种植结构,提出了稻藕轮作与稻鱼蟹混养相结合的高效生产模式并分析其生态优势。借助Ecopath软件,从系统可持续性和净产值角度,比较分析了稻鱼蟹混养与稻藕轮作相结合生产模式与稻田养鱼、稻田养蟹、稻鱼蟹混养、单一种稻4种稻田生产模式的优劣。结果表明:5种稻田生产模式F inn′s指数值从大到小依次为稻鱼蟹混养与稻藕轮作相结合、稻田养鱼、稻田养蟹、稻鱼蟹混养和单一种稻;稻鱼蟹混养与稻藕轮作相结合生产模式的可持续性指标优于其他3种生态种植模式,其净生产力、生物量/输出量、输出量/输入量和稳定性指标分别是单一种稻模式的2.63、4.25、2.03和3.56倍;与其他4种稻田生产模式相比,稻鱼蟹混养与稻藕轮作相结合模式的净产值很高,是适合于在北方推广的最优生态种植模式。     

一种新型除尘器在梅山铁矿选厂的应用

介绍了喷雾双向旋流除尘器的原理及在矿山选厂除尘中的应用。     

Forest loss,monetary compensation,and delayed re-planting: The effects of unpredictable land tenure in China

Over the past 65 years, forest tenure in China has oscillated unpredictably between private and village property regimes. This policy-induced uncertainty has distorted the harvesting decisions of individuals granted rights to grow trees and has lowered the value of China׳s forest output. We provide an analytical framework for assessing these effects quantitatively. Understanding the consequences of this policy-induced uncertainty is particularly important since China is currently engaged in an ambitious plan to increase its domestic supply of timber. To conduct this analysis, we extend the literature on forestry economics when there is a risk of loss due to forest fire or pests. We (1) take account of the possibility that replanting can only resume after an interval of uncertain length (with immediate replanting as a special Case); (2) investigate the effects of compensation for such losses based only on the net value of the stand of trees at the time of the loss; and (3) compare it to compensation that would leave the wealth and rotation decisions of the farmer unaffected by the presence of uncertainty.     

冬水田转稻麦轮作对小麦生长季温室气体排放的影响

用静态暗箱-气相色谱法测定了川中丘陵地区典型冬水田(RF)及冬水田转稻麦轮作处理(RW)在小麦生长季的温室气体排放通量,并同步测定了土壤温度、水分和可溶态碳氮含量.结果表明,RW在小麦生长季的CH4、生态系统呼吸CO2和N2O平均排放通量分别为0.05、117.01 mg·m-2·h-1(以C计)和77.19μg·m-2·h-1(以N计),而RF相应通量分别为1.43、7.85 mg·m-2·h-1和-0.61μg·m-2·h-1.RW施氮肥后出现N2O的排放峰,其N2O直接排放系数为1.28%.土壤可溶态有机碳含量与CO2通量之间呈显著正相关关系(r=0.342,p0.01),与CH4、N2O的相关关系不显著;硝态氮、可溶态总氮含量与N2O通量的关系为显著正相关,但与CH4通量呈显著负相关.RF的综合增温潜势(以CO2-eq计,下同)为3.03 Mg·hm-2,大于RW(-1.66 Mg·hm-2),暗示冬水田转稻麦轮作会降低生态系统的综合增温效应.     

秸秆还田与化肥减量配施对稻-菜轮作下土壤养分及酶活性的影响

以西南丘陵山区紫色土为研究对象,2013~2014年在重庆市江津区先锋镇布置田间试验,采用一年两熟,水稻-儿菜轮作制度,分析了秸秆还田与化肥减量配合施用对作物产量,土壤养分及酶活性的影响,为稻-菜轮作系统中养分资源优化管理的施肥方式提供科学依据,实现农业秸秆的循环利用.结果表明,秸秆还田与化肥减量配施处理能提高水稻和儿菜的产量,分别比常规施肥处理(F)增产3.0%~17.9%和12.2%~36.4%,经稻-菜轮作后,第二季(C3)的水稻产量比第一季(C1)水稻增加了820~1 240 kg·hm-2.与F处理相比,稻-菜轮作下连续秸秆覆盖与化肥减量配施的土壤pH提高了0.06~0.55个单位,特别是秸秆全量还田(AS)与70%~80%化肥(F)配施处理(70%~80%F+AS)对土壤pH的改善效果最佳,同时80%F+AS处理的土壤有机质最高,达到了41.01 g·kg-1.对土壤有效养分含量而言,80%F+AS处理的土壤碱解氮(110~178 mg·kg-1)和有效磷(31.3~64.0 mg·kg-1)含量最高,但过多的秸秆还田量反而不利于土壤有效磷累积.秸秆还田与化肥减量配施提高了土壤酶活性,其中80%F+AS和70%F+AS处理对脲酶活性提高效果较为显著;80%F+AS处理的过氧化氢酶在前两季度下活性均最高;随着耕种时间的增加,特别是C3季度下,70%F+AS和80%F+AS处理的磷酸酶活性较F处理显著提高了45.2%和48.2%.因此,西南丘陵山区紫色土在稻-菜轮作下,70%~80%F+AS处理即秸秆全量覆盖还田与化肥减量20%~30%的配施方式是该地区的最优施肥方式.